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Hypnotherapy for Anxiety and Depression
Response expectancies, treatment credibility, and hypnotic suggestibility.
BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that response expectancies are an important mechanism of popular psychological interventions for pain. However, there has been no research on whether response expectancies and treatment credibility independently mediate hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral pain interventions and whether the pattern of mediation is affected by experience with the interventions. Also, past research has indicated that hypnotic pain interventions may be moderated by hypnotic suggestibility. However, these studies have typically failed to measure the full range of suggestibility and have assessed pain reduction and suggestibility in the same experimental context, possibly inflating the association between these variables. PURPOSE: To clarify the mediator role of response expectancies and treatment credibility, and the moderator role of hypnotic suggestibility in the hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral reduction of pain. METHODS: Approximately 300 participants were assessed for suggestibility. Then, as part of an apparently unrelated experiment, 124 of these individuals received analogue cognitive-behavioral, hypnotic, or placebo control pain interventions. RESULTS: Response expectancies and credibility independently mediated treatment. The extent of mediation increased as participants gained more experience with the interventions. Suggestibility moderated treatment and was associated with relief only from the hypnotic intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Response expectancies and treatment credibility are unique mechanisms of hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral pain interventions. Hypnotic suggestibility predicts relief from hypnotic pain interventions and this association is not simply an artifact of measuring suggestibility and pain reduction in the same experimental context. The relationship between suggestibility and hypnotic pain reduction appears to be linear in nature.
Ann Behav Med. 2007 Apr;33(2):167-78. Milling LS, Shores JS, Coursen EL, Menario DJ, Farris CD. Department of Psychology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA. milling@hartford.edu
Asthma is a condition that affects a person's breathing. It does so by causing the airways become narrow and swell. Also, additional mucus is produced thereby further hampering the ability for the person to breathe. The symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest tightness, sleeping problems, wheezing, and coughing, range in severity from minor to extremely severe. While there are many people that may have asthma, medical treatment is normally only given to those with moderate to severe symptoms. Of course, the advice of a medical professional should always be sought if the symptoms do not...
Weight loss is probably one of the most difficult challenges faced by way too many people around the world. Being obese or over weight as defined by an excessive Body Mass Index (BMI) is a symptom of excessive calorie intake versus inadequate motivation.
Unlike bad habits such as smoking and nail biting, eating is something that a person cannot live without. They cannot “kick the habit” and get thin. So, the trick is finding the right balance between eating and calorie burning.
On the other hand, the quality of a person’s nutrition is also very important. It is not all about calorie...
One common problem that I find in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) patients is that something major has happened in their lives that have been rather unbalancing. For instance, the adult daughter of a 73 year old retired female civil servant suddenly becomes bipolar and needs substantial care even to the point of wearing diapers. Shortly thereafter the mother, who becomes her primary caregiver develops IBS. Note that these destabilizing events are also present in the case histories for fibro sufferers. So, it is no surprise that many patients are diagnosed both with fibro and IBS.
There is...
